African Americans in Vietnam W essays

African Americans in Vietnam W essays Fighting on Two Fronts: African Americans and the Vietnam War, begins by briefly looking at how previous wars such as the American Revolution, WWI, WWII, and the Korean War dealt with race relations in comparison to the Vietnam War. Earlier wars had a segregated system that limited the contact between white and black soldiers, and it was not until the Vietnam War when soldiers were fully integrated. In a chronological order beginning with the draft and ending with the soldiers returning home, Westheider examined how full integration brought about many problems for the US military. Prior to writing about racial discrimination in the Vietnam War, Westheider collected enormous amounts of data that ranged from official government documents to journal entries from soldiers. Over nine hundred personal interviews from white and black soldiers of varying ranks helped ensure the accuracy of his reports. The extent of racial conflicts depended on many things including the setting, the per sonnel, and the timing of military events. Despite the sensitivity of racial issues Westheider remained objective and allowed the reader to form their own opinions about the US military and their handling of racism against African Americans in the Vietnam War. Beginning with the draft, the reader is overwhelmed by the enormous amount of statistical data. Westheider discusses in a chapter what could have been best explained with a series of graphs. Earlier chapters focus on numbers while later chapters add a human element to the Vietnam experience. The draft and recruitment requirements were said to favor the middle and upper class which meant, African Americans were being drafted in disproportionately high numbers because of their lower social and economic standing. It would be useful if the reader knew what percent of Americans were eligible for service, which would put the number of black recruits in perspective. Westheider assumes...

Televisions Influence On The World †Sociology Essay

Televisions Influence On The World – Sociology Essay Free Online Research Papers Televisions Influence On The World Sociology Essay Television is not a new word in the 21st century, it has became a must-have electronic device for the majority of society. This invention has greatly influenced the world technology and society development. This essay aims to illustrate the technological development of television under different social background, as well as discussing the social and cultural changes that brought about by the incorporation of this particular media form. Firstly, in order to discuss deep into the influences brought by television, the brief history development of Television in both social and technological should be pointed out. The invention of television combined numbers of countries and individuals hard work through the history. According to Martin Clifford’s(1995) study about early television, in 1900 the word â€Å"television† has appeared. German Paul Nipkow developed a rotating-disc technology to transmit pictures over wire in 1884 called the Nipkow disk. This was the very first electromechanical TV scanning system. Nipkows system was abandoned early in the history of TV for the electronic systems developed by later inventors. In 1925 Scottish John Logie Baird has been considered as the father of television for his new invention. (Martin, Clifford 1995, Electronics Now, Vol. 66, Gernsback Publishing Inc.) Then the technology of television continuously developed, and also became widespread in Europe and America. However due to the war history, it was not as successfully developed as in the beginning. Becker argues that pre-World War Two was the wrong time for the television to take off as a domestic technology. He pointed out that: â€Å"Television was promoted as more than just a scientific development. Rather RCA tried very hard to emphasize its positive values. â€Å"(Becker, Ron Hear and See Radio in the World of Tomorrow: RCA and the presentation of television at the Worlds Fair, 1939-1940 in Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, Oct 2001, v.2, issue 4, p.361) There were also Surveys taken at the time demonstrate an ambivalence of the audience towards television as well as skepticism by media commentators on its potential. It did not infiltrate successfully into the American home until the 1950s (Kato, Hidetoshi Chapter 13: Japan in Television: An International Histo ry, ed. Anthony Smith with Richard Paterson, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 169-181). Currently the main consideration about television technology is digitalized. All the information includes news, entertainment and knowledge can be shared simultaneously world-widely. Until now, there are still revolutions in the television industry. From the brief history above, we could understand that the development of television technology is closely related to the changing society environment. Hence secondary we would discuss the social and cultural changes brought about by the incorporation of this media form. In the last two hundred years, the invention of television has totally changed our day-to-day life. It is a multi-media form that combines visual, acoustical and psychological effects. Therefore television has become the most penetrating and widespread media form in the general media industry, and the influences brought by television are individually and collectively. Television has significant influences on individuals in both advantage and disadvantage ways. For example, it has become our chief means of obtaining information. There are general information such as weather report, stock prices, world news and entertainment information. Because of television, the world has become much smaller and things and people that used to be strangers are now familiar to us. Hence, audiences are thousands of times more informed than our ancestors, individuals are trained and thought in a multilayered way by sharing instant information. The sharing of simultaneous information using television would also have great impact on social behavior. Studies carried by Stanford University pointed out that: â€Å"Television is a medium that we take for granted as part of everyday life. We usually get caught up and involved in the programs we watch and the medium itself merges into the background.†(Stanford University Press, 1994. pp. 107-143) The self-involving effect has made television become a tool to interact and learn from the society, it also become education tool for younger generation. It is argued that there could be inappropriate information received by certain generation such as violence, terror and erotic. These negative influences may alter the social behavior, and cause disadvantages such as increasing teenager crime and school violence. Looking at the influences on individual and society, we could further argue that television has such significant power that it will eventually affect a country’s domestic culture. In an advantage way, the society may develop into a more civilized and harmonic way. However there could be disadvantages. For example, it could not be denied that the over-spreaded America information through television has potentially influenced world cultures. For example, when we are watching popular America soap operas, we are receiving the American culture, thinking and habitudes. Then we may alter our thinking in the American way in our real day-to-day life, and if we look at it in a radical way, collectively the whole society has a potential becoming same as the American society, while losing its own domestic culture. Hence television would influence the individual and society in both good and bad aspects, it depends on how the information is shared and controlled by individual, families and government. In conclusion, television has become part our life. It has gone through many years of development in technology and it is still improving. As one most popular media form, television has influenced individual and society in lifestyle, habitudes and culture. It is critical that we receive the information and manipulate it properly, to use the media form as an advanced tool, and consequently benefit the daily life. Part 02: New Media-Theory and Practice In this section there would be illustrating the understanding of new media concepts based on medium, cultural interfaces and screen. The section would also include how the theory is examined and practiced in the final assignment. Firstly it would be necessary to introduce the background of my main theme in the assignment. It is required that we make a multimedia educational work. Since I am in a foreign country, I would like to create a project that would help the foreign audiences to get some information about my own country and my hometown. This program would provide a glance of how China looks like and what is special about Chinese culture. It would also help the audiences to learn some common conversation in Chinese. Secondary, after decided the theme and purpose of the project, I will have to make a decision about interface. There are two related new media concepts while I studying how to create an interface. Interface is created on screen and it is communicated and interacted on screen too. According to Manovich’s (2001) study, the idea â€Å"Screen† has become an idea of Visual culture framing, it will frame what the audience see as well as separate the audience from the virtual world behind the screen. Although the physical size of a screen is small, it would create enormous contents. The screen is a communication device that delivers enjoyment, happiness, success, sadness, anger and ambitions. It is a boundary set up by individuals to divided apart appropriate or inappropriate behavior. It is an educational tool that teaches the audience all the time without being noticed or nominated. Hence, after reading the new theory about screen in current media industry, I realize how imp ortant the device is and how further it has gone beyond the simple word â€Å"tool†. If the screen is communicating culture information, it becomes the cultured itself to the audiences. It is the technology development that allows us to use the screen in an interactive way, and to further involving us into the virtual reality world behind it. Then the actual interface would concern about the direct interaction between the screen and the audience. Most of information communicated by computer screen is designed as a website style, with many buttons and some text illustration link to the button. However, according to Anne (2002): â€Å" while engineers strive to maintain the illusion of transparency in the design and refinement of media technologies, artists explore the meaning of he interface itself, using various transformations of the medias their palette.† (Cranny-Francis. Anne, 2000, pp23- 27) After reading her statement, I realized that the purely website style interface only aims to includes certain computer technology in it, it has no designed feature for particular audiences group for particular screen functions. Following the concepts and discussions about television that I have done in the pervious part, I realized that such an educational theme project would be best done by using an interface as television . It would draw audiences’ attention. Additionally, the audiences would subconsciously treat the computer screen into television screen, and would then subliminally realize it is an educational program rather than a computer flash game. Finally we have to think about how the actual content would displayed on the screen in this particular interface. There were studies by Bolter (1999) and others pointed out that such content would be defined as â€Å"Hypermedia†. Bolter illustrated that the term Hypermedia could be characterized by its multiplicity and the ability to bring a combination of all media communication mediums, such as images, sound, text, animation and video. (Bolter, Jay and Grusin, Richard. 1999. pp21- 50) The content of the project in the interface would also be a hypermedia. It is designed as a television screen, having three to four channels. These channels are buttons which links to different sub-contents. These include â€Å"discovery China†, which will introduce the natural conditions and social customs of China; â€Å"Music Channel† which will introduce traditional Chinese music culture. There would also be a channel called â€Å"Let’s speak Chinese†, which would include a educational game about listening, writing and speaking simple Chinese. The advantage of using interactive game is it combines uses of visual, acoustic and writing. It would draw audiences’ attention by its interesting interface, and the game would make the audiences experience successes. Here would be pictures and related Chinese pronunciations first, then after a few words there would be random pictures appears for the audiences to choose the right related pronunciations. It is a play-as-you-learn idea. Conclusion After reading the New Media Block course material (weeks 6- 9), I had a deeper and more solid understand of how the new concepts of media terms work in practical projects. Also by combining the concepts and the researching in television, it is clear that such fast developing media form would greatly influence individual as well as the whole society. It is critical to use the theory and the media form as a tool to create better and more advanced media form that would mostly benefit the mankind. References: Bolter, Jay and Grusin, Richard. Immediacy, Hypermediacy and Remediation Remediation: Understanding New Media. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 1999. pp. 21-50. Kato, Hidetoshi Chapter 13: Japan in Television: An International History, ed. Anthony Smith with Richard Paterson, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 169-181. Becker, Ron Hear and See Radio in the World of Tomorrow: RCA and the presentation of television at the Worlds Fair, 1939-1940 in Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, Oct 2001, v.2, issue 4, p.361 Hilf, Bill Media Lullabies: The Reinvention of the World Wide Web. In online jopurnal, First Monday. Viewed on 13/09/2005 http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue3_4/hilf/index.html Manovich, Lev. The Screen and the User from Chapter 2: The Language of Cultural Interfaces. In Manovich, Lev. The Language of New Media. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2001 pp. 94-115 Cranny-Francis, Anne. The Anatomy of a Website: Exploring Multimedia Literacy. Information Technology, Education and Society. Vol 1, No.1. 2000. pp.23-27. Martin, Clifford, Adventures in cybersound: Early television, 1995, Electronics Now, Vol. 66, Gernsback Publishing Inc. viewed on 14/09/2005. acmi.net.au/AIC/TV_HIST_CLIFFORD.html Research Papers on Televisions Influence On The World - Sociology EssayRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Project Managment Office SystemBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paper

Ethos, Logos and Pathos that Rev King Used Essay

Ethos, Logos and Pathos that Rev King Used - Essay Example This document analyzes the use of Ethos, Logos and Pathos that Rev King uses in his argument. The document concludes with the essence of using these forms of argumentative writing and their application in a real-life situation. Introduction An argument can be defined as a discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposal. In other cases, an argument is a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true. Arguments are defined by the circumstances in which they fall (Ramage D John, Bean C John Bean & C Johnson 94). There are three ways of presenting an argument. These are Ethos, Pathos and Logos. Ethos refers to the impression given by an author to his or her audience. It is being based on the convincing the reader of the potential of a character. Pathos is a form of argumentative based on how well the author impresses the reader’s emotions. The language of choice is of much weight since it predicts the emotional appeal of the audi ence which in turn can be used to develop an argument. Logos is simply the swaying of people by making use of reasoning, which can either be the inductive or deductive reasoning. Its impact on the audience is referred to an argument’s logical appeal. The logos can also be termed as the details and statistics that aid in sustaining the argument. Ethos It is determined by the credibility of the authors. It is expressed through tone and by how the authors refer to various views. The authors’ character  influences ethos. The writers show this by showing how one can make an argument to triumph for professional and also personal reasons fall (Ramage D John, Bean C John Bean & C Johnson 132). In the book ‘Informed argument,’ the others portray this style of writing Rev King writes a letter to the clergymen in Birmingham. In the letter, he tries to respond to the wrong accusation posed by the clergymen. The clergy referred to the activities of King Luther as unw ise. Rev King was unhappy about the  treatment of black people  in Birmingham. The bombing of degrees in Birmingham city was a sign of racial segregation that annoyed Rev King. He influenced the reaction of people in opposition to racism. The clergymen accuse him of taking this course and refraining from solving the problem diplomatically. He argues that dialogue cannot occur with only one party involve in the decision making. This was in reference to the white people. He farther insists that people in Birmingham live in monologue rather than dialogue. Ethos is present in this argument as the authors try to create an impression on why the black people resisted oppression. Rev King argues that the black people did not opt for chaos but were forced to react after their hope of negotiation with the white failed to produce results. Rev King tries to convince the clergymen that he was not wrong when he indirectly convinced the people to rebel. He argues by creating an impression that the situation was out of hand due to the bombing in Birmingham and the failure of dialogue to make peace. Ethos can simply be referred to as a convincing language.

Organizational Philosophies and Technology Essay - 2

Organizational Philosophies and Technology - Essay Example of the core factors that form company culture include shared norms and values of the employees, organizational policies, behavior of managers and executive body, mission of the organization, common goals and objectives, and the way or technology through which an organization makes its employees reach those goals and objectives. In this paper, we will discuss the role which technology plays in shaping the organizational culture. Corcoran (n.d.) states, â€Å"Implementation of new technology forces change†. Technology plays a key role in setting and managing ethical standards and guidelines for the employees of a company. Managers can make use of technology to inject the sense of ethics in the minds of the employees. For example, installation of observation cameras in the workplace makes employees stick to the ethical values and standards set by the administration of the company. Under observation, employees do not perform any act, which is not considered ethical for the workplace environment. In this way, employees adopt such ethical values that not only make them progress in their professional careers without any bad points in the character sheet but also create a peaceful and ethical work environment in the company. Technology provides managers with the tools that they require for setting ethical standards. Managers give tasks to the employees and provide them with the necessary technological equipments to accomplish those tasks. In this way, managers guide their employees to make the best use of technology. Using technology, managers can also know the type of communication that takes place between their employees. Managers of many companies communicate ethical standards set by their companies to the employees by writing the ethical standards on the desktop wallpapers of the computer systems. In this way, employees of a company become fully aware of the ethical standards of the company, which help employees perform their tasks in accordance with those

SanGrafix Video Game Company Business Process

SanGrafix Video Game Company Business Process The BMI was part of analyzing and selecting vital areas of SanGrafix Video Game Company. It was prepared on March 22, 2017. Regardless of how well the company plans for downtime errors, there is a chance that this will happen and the main point of consideration is how fast the company is able to recover from such errors. Purpose The purpose of this document is to identify and prioritize various system components in line with business processes that the system supports. It has the following parts: Determining business processes and the areas that require critical recovery Identifying resource requirements as per their urgency within the company Identifying recovery priorities for system resources based on the urgency of required production (Gadir et al., 2015). 2. System Description SanGrafix is a video game company of the 21st century that endeavors to create a scintillating experience with each video game they create. They are known to take the gaming experience to the next level as they aim to create a gaming experience that completely assimilates the real life experience. The company has a majority of its first-hand market in America. It offers a great variety of games from car racing to combat games all of which are the state of the art quality. The company works under the principles of getting better and making the customer experience better and improved with each new product that is launched to the market. The company is highly reliant on top notch technology which drives the innovation behind each of their amazing products and hence its competitiveness is highly dependent on its ability to ensure they minimize errors or enhance their capability to recover from such errors within the shortest time (Master, 2014). The company is setting its footprints in an industry where the competition from other companies is fierce, and the chance of being kicked out and rendered irrelevant are beyond high. The company has a huge basement of employees all performing different specialized tasks aimed at ensuring continuous provision of services to its clients. There are the technical engineers who are in charge of developing and maintain the companys system performing at optimal levels which include the network infrastructure, the hardwar e and software components. They are also in charge of creating the gaming programs that the company uses. The company as well has developers who come up with the games as well as constantly improving on them now and then according to developments in the market. The business has a vibrant marketing department which is always at the forefront of letting the consumers aware of any new products. The marketing team is as well in charge of creating and coming up with news ways through which the company can increase its reach to the market. The marketing team has been using the online platform as the main channel of marketing. 3. BIA Data Collection The company as earlier mentioned uses the online platform as the main tool of marketing. The majority of the sales are recorded through the online shop while other sales are through and online catalogs. Calls can also be made to the head of the department where assistance is offered regarding sales or any other queries that the clients might have. 3.1 Determine Process and System Criticality E-commerce processes are the heart and soul of SanGrafix Company since a huge percentage of the sales are recorded through the e-commerce platform. The majority of the clients do not even have the idea of where the company is located physically their interaction with the company is mostly limited to the e-commerce platform. As a result, the e-commerce processes are quintessential to the firm. The e-commerce processes of online payments include the transfer of funds from the buyers account to the banks accounts. The majority of companies in the gaming industry is set on creating profits and so does SanGrafix and among the key supporters in the gaming profit generators is the E-mail based communications and the network that allows for multi-player support over a network for the company. Far away clients reach the company through emails where they place their orders waiting for delivery or response through the emails. The same emails are highly used within the company structure to pass information from one source to another every time it is deemed necessary to pass information around. The same email communication platform is highly utilized to get information about customers reaction towards certain products as the company has made it their traditions to seek the feelings of the customers towards services delivery and product performance. The customers are encouraged to use the email services more than the telephone mode to let the company know their reactions. The company is practically in existence due to its online presence more than the physical presence. As a result, the Marketing and public relations sector are as well critically dependent on the online platform. The company conducts most of its marketing through its website as well as another host of social media pages it operates. The company has a lot of followers across the various social platforms who keep on increasing every so time. The followers are always keen and eager to learn of new products or any new information regarding their favorite product while at the same time there is a team of dedicated personnel who is always ready to feed the market with any form of information deemed necessary. Through this continuous exchange, the company can expand its market while at the same time maintain a high level of public relations with the clients. Other departments that require the online presence within the company but at a lowered rate include the Research and development activities where research on how to improve on the current products is carried out. A team of developers who work on flexible working durations requires the online platform to expand the creativity into making the video games of the future. Customer service handling can be carried out through the online platform as well as through the telephone channels. Mission/Business Process Description e-commerce processes processes through which the company accepts payments for products Marketing and public relations Mechanism through which the company markets its products to the market Research and development activities Process of coming up with new products and improving existing ones Customer service handling Might require both online and telephone lines 3.1.1 Identify Outage Impacts and Estimated Downtime Some of the potential outages that face the company include power outages which are normally rare and far in between. Nonetheless, the company is well equipped with a secondary source of energy that automatically reconnects as soon as a power outage is experienced which narrows the downtime experienced as the switch the second source of energy is almost immediate. A server crash also negatively affects the operations of the company since most of their online activities would be brought to a halt. Nonetheless, the downtime experienced in this is short since it would only take a few moments to get hosting from other servers while a repair is being done to the companys server. A website hack would also be catastrophic to the company since lots of business is done through the website. The downtime in this would be long since tracking hacking activities could be tedious and long to trace (Cordero et al., 2011). Outage Impacts Severe = a lot of money and time Moderate = low fees and limited time Minimal = limited cost and time If of a power outage the company suffers minimal impact since business is barely affected by the power outage given the time lapse between switching the secondary power source is almost immediately. As a result power outage is a minimal impact outage to the company. Server crash carries the medium impact since getting another web to host the company is both costly and could take some moments hence negatively affecting the business. A hacking problem could have severe impact on the business since the amount of time and data lost in the process is a lot and could compromise the integrity and public confidence of the company besides violating the federation laws of protecting the client information and this could be followed by unending lawsuits that could push SanGrafix out of the gaming industry business (Wiggins, 2008). Estimated Downtime Maximum Tolerable Downtime (MTD) by the company is the least time possible to get the business functioning again at the least cost Recovery Time Objective (RTO) allocated to a power outage as well as server crash is minimal while the RTO for hacking could be extended. Recovery Point Objective (RPO) for the company is daily hence it will lose a days data which is not so devastating for business. Mission/Business Process MTD RTO RPO Power outage Less than 1 hour Less than 1 hour Less than 1 hour Server crash 6 hours 4 hours 12 hours Hacking 72 hours 48 hours 12 hours 3.2 Identify Recovery Priorities for System Resources The recovery time required for several outages is variant from each other. Priority System Resource/Component Recovery Time Objective Power outage Electricity Almost immediately to rebuild Server crash Optiplex GX280 Less than 12 hours to get another host Hacking Optiplex GX280 Less than 72 hours to reconstruct References Master, L. L. (2014). Assessing threats and setting priorities for conservation. Conservation of networks, 5(4), 559-563 Cordero, A., Gonzalez, N., Chen, Z., Campos, R., Polanco, A., Melfi, D., Ouchaou, M. (2011). U.S. Patent Application No. 09/789,834. Gadir, O. M., Subbanna, K., Vayyala, A. R., Shanmugam, H., Bodas, A. P., Tripathy, T. K., Rao, K. H. (2015). U.S. Patent No. 6,944,785. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Wiggins, C. (2008). U.S. Patent No. 5,717,604. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Mental Retardation

70. 55. 40. 25. These are the four degrees of mental retardation. These numbers represent the severity of mental retardation in an individual. Each degree is categorized under Mild, Moderate, Severe and Profound. Severity Unspecified is also a term used when there is a strong presumption of Mental Retardation but the standards test cannot conclude the severity therefore the person’s intelligence is not sustained by the standard test. In diagnosing mental retardation, there must be three criterion’s met a IQ below 70 and significant limitations in two or more areas of adaptive behaviors.In example, communication, self help, interpersonal skills, self-directions, resources, functional academic skills, work, home living, health and safety (American Psychiatric Association. 2000). A more common symptom for an individual with mental retardation is adaptive functioning. A persons background is also taken into consideration during the test analysis social cultural background, motivation and education. Genetic screening takes place before the child is born. There are a few common tests that can help in diagnosing. Prenatal testing is offered to detect any changes in the fetus.This testing is offered if there is a increase risk’s that the fetus will have a chromosomal or genetic disorder. However, this cannot detect all birth disorders. Diagnostic testing is put into use when there is suspicion of a particular condition based on physical signs and symptoms. Newborn screening is used right after birth to identify any genetic disorders (Undefined. 2013). Among children, the cause is usually unknown for one-third to one-half of cases (Daily, Ardringer, and Holmes. 2000). Mental Retardation is diagnosed before eighteen years of age.A few common causes of Mental Retardation are genetic conditions, problems during pregnancy, and problems at birth, exposure to toxins or diseases, and malnutrition. Genetic conditions can occur when genes are combined or the parents inherit abnormal genes. A fetus not developing properly in the womb can also lead to Mental Retardation. Problems at birth can lead to brain damage when a child is unable to get enough oxygen. Exposure to toxins and diseases such as lead, mercury or contracting whooping cough, measles or meningitis can cause mental disability.Malnutrition has also been a cause of reduced intelligence. Mild Mental Retardation used to be referred to as an educational category or â€Å"educable†. About eighty five percent of individuals with Mental Retardation are diagnosed with Mild Mental Retardation. A typical individual can usually develop social and communication skills during his or her preschool years, zero to five years of age. Though they have minimal impairment in sensorimotor areas they are not often distinguishable from other children until they have reached a later age.During their late teen years they have acquired academic skills equivalent to a sixth grader. Social and v ocational skills for minimal support are achieved during the their adult years. A few individuals may need supervision, assistance or guidance. This is more common during unusual social or economic stress. However, as adults they have proven to be successful in the community under independent or supervised settings. Moderate mental retardation is referred to in the education category as â€Å"trainable.† This term is generally not used nor should be used since it implies that people with Moderate Mental Retardation do not benefit from an education program (American Psychiatric Association. 2000). Out of the entire population of people diagnosed with Mental Retardation, only ten percent are constituted as Moderate. People diagnosed with Moderate Mental Retardation acquire communication skills early in childhood and often benefit from vocational training or moderate supervision. Individuals with Moderate Mental Retardation are able to attend to their personal care and have the capability to travel independently in familiar places.Training in social and occupational is beneficial, however persons diagnosed are unlikely to progress beyond the second grade level in academic subjects. During the adolescent years social conventions can interfere with peer relationships. In adult years, the individual is able to perform skilled or semi skilled tasks under minimal supervision in the general workforce. Persons with Moderate Mental Retardation adapt well to life in the community usually under supervision (American Psychiatric Association. 2000).Severe Mental Retardation occurs in three to four percent of the population. The individual may learn little to no communication but can be trained to adapt to elementary skills. An extension in pre academic subjects is highly profited. This can lead to familiarizing themselves with the alphabet, survival words and simple counting tasks. A person is capable of adapting well to life in the community unless another handicap i s associated. One percent to two percent is diagnosed with Profound Mental Retardation.A child who displays a considerable impairment in sensorimotor functioning is diagnosed with Profound Mental Retardation, however most are identified through neurological conditions accounting for Mental Retardation. High development can occur in a very structured environment of supervision and reoccurring aid. An individualized relationship between the caregiver and diagnosed individual is best suited. Clinically, Mental Retardation is only a subtype of intellectual deficit; a broader concept and includes intellectual deficits but are too mild to accurately pin point and qualify as Mental Retardation.In contrast, this can also be too specific (as in Specific Learning Disability) or something acquired later in life through acquired brain injuries or neurodegenerative disease like dementia. Intellectual deficits can appear at any age unlike Mental Retardation, which is primarily diagnosed before th e age of eighteen. However, Developmental Disability is a disability due to problems with growth and development (Lawyer. 2010). The term Development Disability encompasses various congenital medical conditions that are not related to mental or intellectual components, though it is at times used as a euphemism for Mental Retardation.

A & P: A Study of Society’s Norms

â€Å"I felt how hard the world was going to be for me hereafter,† Sammy mutters at the end of John Updike’s short story, â€Å"A & P.†On the surface, Sammy is talking about the problems he will experience after telling his boss that he has quitted his job, but he is really referring to the beginning of his responsibility to defend people being judged for their appearances, and to stand up to authority when the rules limit people’s freedom and creativity.   He understands the difficulty of the mission he has given himself.The episode that changes Sammy’s life happens one day in an A & P supermarket.   As a nineteen year old who mans one of the check-out registers at the supermarket, he observes three girls enter wearing only their bathing suits.This completely distracts him so that he cannot even remember if he has â€Å"rang up† the â€Å"Hiho crackers† (Updike) for one of the customers.   On the other hand, he can remember the details of the three girls’ appearances. He thinks less generously of the customer who bought the Hiho crackers, referring to her as someone who if â€Å"born at the right time they would have burned her over in Salem† (Updike).â€Å"You could see them, when Queenie's white shoulders dawned on them, kind of jerk, or hop, or hiccup, but their eyes snapped back to their own baskets and on they pushed. I bet you could set off dynamite in an A & P and the people would by and large keep reaching and checking oatmeal off their lists and muttering â€Å"Let me see, there was a third thing, began with A, asparagus, no, ah, yes, applesauce!† or whatever it is they do mutter. But there was no doubt, this jiggled them.A few house-slaves in pin curlers even looked around after pushing their carts past to make sure what they had seen was correct† (Updike).The above paragraph is the best portrayal of the girls’ effect on the supermarket’s patrons.   â⠂¬Å"Queenie,† as Sammy calls the prettiest of the three girls, has the most effect.   Comparing the arrival of the girls to an explosion signifies the impact, and also the rarity of girls, or anyone for that matter, ever coming into the supermarket in their swimsuits.   Most people follow the dress code implemented in the supermarket, or any other public place besides the beach.   The short story of one seemingly mundane occurrence at a supermarket speaks volumes about judging appearances.The girls are in the supermarket to buy â€Å"a jar of herring snacks† for â€Å"Queenie’s† mother and not to make any trouble, but the fact that they are wearing swimsuits have earned them a reprimand from the manager, Lengel.   Lengel who also â€Å"teaches Sunday school† and is â€Å"pretty dreary† according to Sammy, represents the people in society who make and follow rules and expect others to do the same.   He rigidly implements the rules in the A & P he is managing to the point that after reprimanding the girls, he reminds Sammy about ringing up the girls’ purchase.   Every rule must be followed to the letter for people like Lengel (Updike).However, even before Lengel’s appearance in the short story, Sammy already observes the glances that the sheep, which is his term for the customers, give the girls.   The girls being in their swimwear has given the customers quite a shock.   Even Sammy and his married co-worker, Stokesie, have become very engrossed in watching the girls.   They may not condemn the girls like Lengel and the customers but their reaction also limits the free spirited choice of the girls to wear bathing suits to the supermarket.   Their behavior suggests that the act is clearly something that is out of the norm.Defending the girls has made Sammy a hero, but he must make it a crusade to continue the difficult task of making the more conservative people of society understand the v alue of â€Å"live and let live.†Ã‚   Being sidetracked from such a mission and bowing down to rules that he does not believe in will reduce his defense of the girls as an act of a boy with a crush and not an act of pure honor.Works CitedUpdike, John. â€Å"A & P.† 8 November 2007 .